They provided the basis for the elegant architectural style developed by Christopher Wren (16321723) later in the century. During the Lancastrian War, the English allied with Philip III (called Philip the Good; 13961467, ruled 141967), the duke of Burgundy, to conquer most of northern and western France. Philip was convinced, however, that God had chosen him for a special mission to defend the Catholic faith. Catherine de' Medici (1519-1589) was a Machiavellian politician, wife of Henry II of France, and later rege, A royal house whose members ruled many states of Europe, including France, Navarre, Naples, Sicily, and Spain, which still has a Bourbon member as it, John of Austria At the bottom were serfs (peasants), who farmed the fiefs but were not given land of their own. In 1534 he explored the Saint Lawrence Rivergateway to the Great Lakesin search of a passage to China. In a dozen voyages from 1603 until 1633, Champlain discovered the easternmost Great Lakes, Huron and Ontario; founded the city of Quebec; and served as commandant of France's new colonial territories, which were called New France. Rise of Kingdoms is a mobile MMO real-time strategy game inspired by history. In the early 1500s they continued the crusade against the Moors into North Africa with a series of military expeditions. Handsome, dashing, well educated in classical Latin and theology (religious philosophy), he was willing to spend money on learning and the arts. Land occupied by churches, monasteries (houses for men called monks, who dedicated themselves to the religious life), and Territory that is now France was invaded by tribes from Scandinavia (Norway, Denmark, and Sweden). In May 1533 Henry's divorce was granted by Thomas Cranmer (14891556), the new archbishop of Canterbury (head of the Anglican Church). Trait 3: +20% Hospital Recovery Rate. In May 1588 the Spanish Armada set out from Lisbon, but storms forced the fleet into La Corua in northwestern Spain. Henry's sixth and last wife was Katherine Parr (15121548), a young widow whom he married in 1543. In 1684, La Salle lay claim, on behalf of France, to the entire Mississippi River basin, from the Illinois country to the Gulf of Mexico. The plan called for the Armada to sail from Lisbon, Portugal, into the English Channel. The enormous strain of directing such a massive empire had taken a toll on Charles. Others proposed measures such as genocide (mass killings of members of a specific group) as well as the less extreme solution of deportation to the New World. Then, copy and paste the text into your bibliography or works cited list. Landing in Peru in 1532 with a small Spanish army, Pizarro first befriended then captured the Inca emperor, Atahuallpa. This policy continued for more than twenty years. AEthelflaed. National sovereignty was restored by the revolution of 1640. Louis's mother, Marie de Mdicis (15191589), acted as regent (interim ruler) in the early years of his reign. Charles liberated thousands of Christian prisoners and soon thereafter captured the port of Tunis. Some influential members of the house of York, such as Richard Neville (14281471), the earl of Salisbury, sided with the Lancasters. In the 1860s, the Kingdom of Prussia, led by Kaiser Wilhelm I and his prime minister, Otto von Bismarck, initiated a series of conflicts designed to unite the German states under their influence. the emperor's wishes. Immediately after becoming king, he married Catherine of Aragon (14851536), the widow of his brother, Henry VII. power of the great feudal lords. In the period following the discoveries and conquests of the Spanish and Portuguese, geographic expansion was accomplished by the English, French, and Dutch. The Spanish controlled the western route to the Indies around the southern tip of the Americas, and the Portuguese controlled the way east, around Africa. . No action was taken, however, because the church wanted to win converts and noblemen did not want to lose Moriscan laborers who worked on their estates. Purchasing the works of Italian painters Michelangelo, Raphael, and Titian, Francis also invited some of the finest Italian artists of the day to come to France. The Angevins and the Argonese both continued to claim the right to rule Naples and Sicily. The Moors introduced the secrets of making medicine and of producing steel, skills they had learned from the Far East (countries in Asia). and defeating England in the Hundred Years' War. The Armada was doomed when a powerful storm, which the English called the "Great Protestant Wind," swept through the Channel. The Moriscos revolted in Granada and had to be forcibly restrained. Nationalism emerges During the first part of the Hundred Years' War, France and England did not have identities as separate countries. Although it was a long and difficult journey across the entire Asian The following month Magellan was killed in a skirmish with the island natives. By 1615, the Dutch possessed the Spice Islands and were forced to face the threat of the British East India Company. During the Caroline War, the French regained much of the territory lost during the Edwardian War. At the same time, the Portuguese were establishing a colonial presence in Brazil, the easternmost part of the South American continent. into numerous small regions, each controlled by a feudal lord. James's wife, Anne of Denmark, hired Jones to build the Queen's House on the royal estate at Greenwich. He commenced a series of voyages and explorations that culminated in the formation of the Portuguese Empire. When Francis swore as a gentleman to return to captivity if he failed to live up to his end of the bargain, Charles agreed to set him free. During the Christian reconquest of Spain, the Roman Catholic Church launched the Crusades (10961291), a series of holy wars against "pagans." The Moors established a new culture on the Iberian Peninsula. The Hundred Years' War was not actually a single war that She founded two colleges at Cambridge University as well as professorships at both Cambridge and Oxford Universities. The older of Edward's two infant sons was declared the rightful heir to the throne; he was to be known as King Edward V. Edward IV's younger brother, Richard (14521485), duke of Gloucester, was supposed to protect Edward V. Within three months, however, Richard had outsmarted his opponents and he took the throne as Richard III (ruled 148385). MikeMeHigh. Although the fiercest fighting over African colonies would not occur until the eighteenth century, English and French expeditions managed to take control of various slaving stations along the coast of Africa. In fact, only the Dutch had any success in attacking European empires in America. Answer (1 of 13): But they didn't, not really. Sitting on horses in their gleaming armor, the Spaniards looked like gods to the Aztec. More nations are being added in the next updates. In 771, Charlemagne became king of the Franks, a Germanic tribe in present-day Belgium, France, Luxembourg, the . Finally, in 1543, Pope Paul III (14681549; reigned 153449) convened the long-awaited Council of Trent, a meeting to discuss reforming the Roman Catholic Church from within (see "Council of Trent" in Chapter 7). England was still a Catholic country and the pope's consent was required before Henry could get a divorce. The marriage contract stated that Ferdinand and Isabella would rule their own kingdoms and that Aragon and Castile were not to be merged. Surrounded by young playmates, he learned the strategy and methods of Renaissance warfare and showed signs of unusual talent at the craft. However, the date of retrieval is often important. Henry the Navigtor believed the mission would be dangerous if undertaken by sea. on a 12 second timer, and questions 11 - 15 are on a 10 second. Since the thirteenth century all Holy Roman Emperors had come from the house of Habsburg. He was married to the English princess Philippa of Lancaster. Alba initiated an extremely repressive policy. When King Philip III died in 1621, the decline of Spain was becoming more evident. Once he had returned to France, however, Francis declared the Treaty of Madrid to be null and void. In January 1919, two months after the fighting in World War I ceased, a conference was convened at Versailles, the former country estate of the French monarchy . Her fortunes were reversed, however, when she was captured in battle by the Burgundians. The old and brutal duke was again successful, and the vast dominions of Portugal fell into Philip's hands. 314 talking about this. Then on December 9, 1525, King Charles I (Holy Roman Emperor Charles V) gave a similar choice to Moriscos living in Aragon after he had inherited the country from his grandfather Ferdinand. Like her mother, Catherine of Aragon, Mary was pro-Spanish and Catholic. The king personally commanded English King John I (c. 13571433; ruled 13851433) was the founder of the powerful Aviz dynasty. It also called for Francis's two sons to be held in Madrid for a ransom (money paid for releasing a hostage) of two million gold crowns (a large sum of Spanish money). We will have to build, reinforce, and train our own army to rise up as the most powerful on the map. His mother, Louise of Savoy (14761531), supervised his upbringing, and a strong bond developed between them. These estates had been given or bequeathed (granted in wills) to monks by religiously devout men and women in exchange for prayers for their souls after they died. He expanded his territory by crossing the English Channel (a body of water between France and England) and launching the Norman conquest of England (106670). This conflict led to overwhelming Spanish victories at Barletta, Cerignola, and Garigliano. In 1094 Henry of Burgundy was given the county of Portugal by the king of Castile and Len for his success against the Moors. The successful siege ended a five-year Spanish offensive that conquered more than thirty rebel Dutch towns and maintained Spanish and Catholic control of the southern provinces of the Netherlands until 1714. In order to reduce the influence of noblemen who had opposed their marriage, the monarchs placed municipal (city) and local governments under royal control. https://www.encyclopedia.com/history/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/rise-monarchies-france-england-and-spain, Pre-1600: World Events: Selected Occurrences Outside North America, Politics, Law, and the Military: Chronology. In 1527 Henry began demanding a divorce from Catherine so he could marry Anne Boleyn (c. 15071536), an attendant in the court of Queen Claude of France. In 1536 Henry discovered that Anne had been unfaithful to him and he had her beheaded. At the beginning of the seventeenth century, these countries were shifting their attention to the riches of the Indies. Years' War. However, Pope Clement VII refused to grant the divorce because Catherine's nephew, Holy Roman Emperor Charles V, had invaded Italy earlier that year. Real-time Battles: In this game, you can do the battles on a huge . Trait 1: +3% Troop Health. In Russian history, what nickname was the first Tzar given for their tyranny? Especially strong kings were Louis VI (called the Fat; 10811137; ruled 110837) and his son Louis VII (c. 11201180; ruled 113780). Jews were forbidden to take most of their possessions with them if they chose to leave the country. Germany, Italy land Switzerland were divided into kingdoms, duchies and cantons whose rulers had their autonomous territories. The church then sent Franciscans and Jesuits (members of Catholic religious orders) into Granada and Valencia to apply pressure on the Moriscos. Frederick was expecting James to help him stay on the throne, but James had tried to remain outside the conflict. Most German intellectuals were at first in sympathy with the new order in France, hoping that the defeat of royal absolutism in western Europe would lead to its decline in central Europe as well. An important revolution in English architecture was begun by Inigo Jones (15731652). Like Ferdinand, they also feared that he would be more interested in expanding Habsburg territory and becoming Holy Roman Emperor than in ruling Spain. By this time the French were also consumed by a nationalistic spirit. Many of the natives near these garrisons were forced to convert to Christianity. He was also being advised on Habsburg policies by Guillaume de Croy, Sieur de Chievres. Frederick was married to James's daughter Elizabeth. Among them was William I Prince of Orange (15331584), the spiritual leader of the rebellion. In 1511 he joined Spain, the Papal States, and Venice in the Holy League, an alliance directed against France to prevent the French from acquiring territory in Italy. Francia. Francis had grown up in the court of King Louis XII and was called the dauphin. Indeed, it seemed to many Europeans that "God had turned into a Spaniard" by 1584. Capitalism is considered one of the major contributions of the Renaissance. In February, he completed the Capitulations, an "unholy alliance" with the Ottoman leader Khayr ad-Din (pronounced kigh-ruh-DEEN; d. 1546), who was called Barbarossa by Europeans. 3. The Jews were another important group that shaped the culture of Spain. By the fifteenth century, however, many European states had gained independence and the empire was concentrated mainly in central Europe. He was being educated in Brussels (a city in present-day Belgium), where his tutor Adrian Florensz (14591523; reigned as Pope Adrian VI, 152223) was teaching him Flemish customs. Ferdinand and Isabella ascended to the throne as the Catholic Monarchs of Spain in 1474. Cranmer was also eager to introduce changes, and young Edward, having been tutored by Protestants, was enthusiastic about reform as well. King John IV (16041656; ruled 164056), founder of the Bragana dynasty, then took the Portuguese throne. In spite of the spectacular defeat of the Spanish Armada, which established English dominance of the seas, Elizabeth encountered problems in the final years of her reign. A: Greek . Renaissance and Reformation Reference Library. In a dozen voyages from 1603 until 1633, Champlain discovered the easternmost Great Lakes, Huron and Ontario; founded the city of Quebec; and served as commandant of France's new colonial territories, which were called New France. Originally, the Hudson Bay, the Hudson River, and the river valley were settled by the Dutch, who controlled entrance to the river at the fortress town of New Amsterdam, on what is now Manhattan Island. In 1071 Muslim Turks had seized Jerusalemthe center of the Holy Land and a city considered sacred to Jews, Muslims, and Christianswhen they conquered the Byzantine Empire (the eastern part of the former Roman Empire, based in Constantinople, which is now Istanbul, Turkey). While Charles clearly eclipsed his two great rivals, his struggles with Francis over Italy dominated European politics for most of the sixteenth century. The child king was placed in the Tower of London along with his brother; those who had opposed Richard were executed. 1300-1500: France: Frankish kingdom > France/Germany: rise of France: Hundred Years' War > French unification: Germany: Holy Roman Empire: England: Anglo-Saxon kingdoms: Anglo . Columbus was of course mistaken: he had landed somewhere in the Bahamas, in the Caribbean Sea. 1 France And Germany Were Both Once Part Of What Kingdom? Crowned King William I of England (also known as William the Conqueror; ruled 106687), he introduced French language and culture into that country. He had neither won nor regained any territory. allowed Napoleon Bonaparte to establish a totalitarian dictatorship in France. 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