185 BCE). Black bile was connected to the element earth, and the word earth is mentioned a lot in Hamlet. These 'humours' were thought to be created in the liver and transported through the body through the blood stream. He has given Hamlet nearly all varieties of humor, from the playful to the sardonic. Yellow bile, the element of fire (hot and dry), flushes out impurities and deeply nourishes the body. Melancholy could also be treated through purging, which generally involved the use of laxatives. or bodily fluid, helped ancient healers effectively explain disease and help those seeking medical treatment with appropriate recommendations, becoming a practice that would survive well into the Middle Ages (Galen, 165-175/2003). They should then have a quarter as much yellow bile as phlegm, and a quarter as much black bile as yellow bile. THE FOUR HUMOURS OF MAN: CHOLERIC Humour-Choleric Body Substance-Yellow Bile Produced By-Gall Bladder Season-Summer Element-Fire Qualities-Hot & Dry Complexion & Body Type-Red Haired, Thin Ambitious Leader-like Aggressive A lot of Energy & Passion Able to dominate others Dont choose paths between, only extremes Prone to mood swings SANGUINE Understanding the concepts of each humour helped ancient herbalists categorize sickness and identify the proper herbs for the individual, much like we do today. Blood was thought to be generated in the heart and was primarily associated with the spring, as well as with heat and wetness. Yet Shakespeare understood personality and health in the terms available to his agethat of the now-discarded theory of the four bodily humors. x-axis (vertical): Introversion - Extraversion scale. As a class review the two handouts and tell students that they are to examine closely Hamlet's temperament during the exposition and rising action part of the play's dramatic structure. Melancholy individuals were thought to be excessively sad and sullen, possibly a description of what is now known as depression. Last Modified Date: February 20, 2023. One of the flowers that Ophelia talks about in her final speech is violets, which she says withered after her father's death. Hamlet as National Hero People with too much phlegm were considered to be phlegmatic, a term dating back to Galen. Carried by the bloodstream, the four humors bred the core passions of anger, grief, hope, and fearthe emotions conveyed so powerfully in Shakespeare's comedies and tragedies. * It is the work of Polybus, Hippocrates' student and son-in-law. Share Cite. In the graveyard over the skulls he is sardonic and pathetic, and over Yorick's he is melancholy. The roots of humorism go back to Empedocles (c.495-435 BCE), a Greek philosopher who suggested that different qualities of the four basic elementsearth (cold Please simply create an account before buying/booking any courses. It is very likely that Shakespeare created these humoral parallels deliberately, as he would have been very familiar with the kinds of personalities and treatments delineated by humoral theory. Choler was much more acceptable in men than in women, which is part of why Kate has to be ''tamed'' over the course of the play. We use a third party provider, dotdigital, to deliver our newsletters. Ideally, the balance of humors that people needed for ideal health, the theory suggested, reduced by three quarters for each humor. Theres rosemary, thats for remembrance. The black bile would weigh on you, and make you passive, sad, dull and indecisive. However, should one fluid overpower the others, the body becomes out of balance and causes medical and psychological illness. When he needs what you have gleaned, it is but The Herbal Academy neither endorses them nor is in any way responsible for their content. Drawing, c.1793. (Original work published ca. New York, NY: W.W. Norton. He is working on his PhD. Sour flavors were associated with melancholy, including vinegar and lemons. i. The immortal gods were gradually replaced with scientific medical theories, including the four humours, all of which heavily relied on the power of plants (Porter, 1997). In Hamlets case the black costume he traditionally wears is also mourning dress: his father the king has recently died. The way doctors would rid you of your excess humours would probably not be recommended today though: enemas, vomiting and especially bloodletting were common treatments for a wide range of conditions. What were the humours according to the Theory of the Four Humours? Enrolling in a course lets you earn progress by passing quizzes and exams. It reflects the principle of digestion and transformation. Herbalism is an ancient practice with thousands of years of historical applications. Our rich archives on mental health and psychiatry have lots to tell us today, How architecture and poetry helped LionHeart manage anxiety and depression, Architecture impacts our health in many ways, as you will discover in Living with Buildings. Sanity is humor." The four elements, which constituted the fundamental building blocks of the 'macrocosm' or 'greater world' of the sublunar sphere, corresponded closely to the four humours of the 'microcosm' or 'lesser world' of the human body.. Each of the humours originated in a different bodily organ.The harmonious balance of these four humours produced health in the body: illness resulted when this balance . Although these concepts are no longer mainstream theories, they continue to provide an underlying foundation to modern medical and herbal practices. Jones, Trans.). Hamlet: Q & A, The Elder Hamlet: The Kingship of Hamlet's Father, The Death of Polonius and its Impact on Hamlet's Character, Hamlet's Melancholy: The Transformation of the Prince. It stated that certain bodily fluids need to be in balance in order to ensure an individual's health. The Hamlet and Ophelia Subplot The choice of words also brings us into this realm of melancholia where Hamlet lives: a world of earth, death, decay and graves. Hippocratic method and the four humors [Blog Post]. Centaury. Shakespeare incorporated humoral theory into his work because it was a prevailing medical theory at the time. He first Shakespeare knew the use and meaning of plants as well as anyone and his writing contains a great number of references to plants, flowers, herbs and spices. Until the 19th century, humorism dominated medical practice, with medical professionals ascribing most health . What is Phlebotomy? (III. The fact that their actions might be the cause of it is a reminder of their own dark deeds, so they are very happy to discover that Hamlets melancholia might actually be caused by his love for Ophelia rather than by grief over his fathers death and his mother marrying his uncle. Soliloquy Essentially, it posited that certain bodily fluids must remain in balance within an individual, and that an imbalance of these fluids could cause illness or other problems. I would give you some violets, But they withered all when my father died.. Hippocratic method and the four humors [Blog Post]. A 2 x 2 table of Hippocrates' four (4) temperaments: Melancholic. Then to the skull he says: "Where be your gibes now? The Elizabethans believed in The Four Humours, A traditional theory of physiology in which health, mind and character was dependant upon the balance of four fluids in your body, and four elements. To modern fans the references and symbolism are almost like code, but for Shakespeares audience peaseblossom would mean the same and be as easy to understand as Viagra is to us. King Henry IV is melancholic and despondent. Retrieved from http://www.greekmedicine.net. Hamlet talks about his reasons for admiring and trusting Horatio here, noting specifically the . The four humors were identified as black bile, yellow bile, phlegm, and blood. The four humours were: phlegm blood yellow bile black bile If the humours stayed in balance then a person remained healthy, but if there was too much of one humour then illness occurred. Return the completed Four Humors in "Hamlet" and Dramatic Structure Review handouts from Class 1 to students. Hysteria Symptoms & Historical Origin | What is Hysteria in Personality? Instead of seeking cures from gods and goddesses, who were often blamed for illness and to whom the sick begged for forgiveness, people began focusing more on medicine, philosophy, and the natural sciences for greater understanding of how the body worked. In Shakespeares time, the understanding of medicine and the human body was based on the theory of the four bodily humours. Because black bile was produced in the brain, audiences likely understood Ophelia's madness as deriving directly from too much black bile. Retrieved from, Click to share on Facebook (Opens in new window), Click to share on Pinterest (Opens in new window), Click to share on Twitter (Opens in new window), Click to share on LinkedIn (Opens in new window), Click to share on Tumblr (Opens in new window), Click to share on Reddit (Opens in new window), Click to email a link to a friend (Opens in new window), Pantry Herbalism for Cold and Flu Support: Free eBook, Making Herbal Preparations 101 Mini Course, Emulsifiers and Preservatives in Botanical Skin Care Products, A cabinet of ancient medical curiosities: Strange tales and surprising facts from the healing arts, The greatest benefit to mankind: A medical history of humanity. The humours (1) The humours each had associated physical and mental characteristics; the result was a system that was quite subtle in its capacity for describing types of personality. . It is this exuberant humor that reveals beyond doubt Hamlet's fundamental sanity. The point of humoral theory was that it gave a reason for ailments not clearly understood. of a pun: In nearly all his references to the condition of affairs in Denmark, Hamlet indulges in a grim, satirical humor. The Theory of the Four Humours was that these four liquids in your body could affect your physical and mental health through imbalance. You can unsubscribe at any time using links in the emails you receive. If the humours were in balance, then the body was in health. succeed. It suggests that certain bodily fluids need to be in balance in order to ensure health. The Norway (Fortinbras) Subplot The four seasons spring, summer, autumn and winter paralleled the four humors blood/sanguine, yellow bile/choleric, phlegm/phlegmatic and black bile/melancholic, which in turn paralleled the four elements air, fire, water and earth. Herbs that support this imbalance include pungent, stimulating, and aromatic herbs, such fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum), bay laurel(Laurus nobilis),fir(Picea abies),thyme(Thymus vulgaris),and hyssop(Hyssopus officinalis) (Osborn, 2015). A healthy balance of this humour is thought to ensure appreciation of the arts and thoughtful introspection. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press. Choler was primarily associated with summer. Hippocrates (460-370. (date when you accessed the information) < http://www.shakespeare-online.com/plays/hamlet/humourhamlet.html >. ", With Osric he gives way to a bantering and jeering humor very similar to that with Polonius. Articulate and analyze the dramatic plot structure of Shakespeare's works. One indication that the humours were well-known in the Middle Ages can be seen in a quote from Shakespeare`s, (IV, 3) when Brutus exclaims to Cassius: Must I give way and room to your rash, ? For information about how we handle your data, please read our privacy notice. Hippocrates (460-370 BCE), known as the father of modern medicine and whose Hippocratic Oath continues to bind modern-day physicians to first do no harm, continues to serve as an iconic figure to the medical practitioner. In early accounts of human physiology, a person's physical and mental disposition was thought to be governed by a combination of fluids, or humours, within the body.Four humours were recognized: blood, phlegm, choler (also called yellow bile), and melancholy (also called black bile or black choler).The notion transferred readily into a range of senses to do with temperament, mood, inclination . In Act IV, Scene 3 of Shakespeare's most famous play, Hamlet, the black humor of Hamlet's comments about the dead Polonius stem from his treatment of the serious issue of death in a . Blood. And that rottenness is the cause of this tragedy. Many plants also represented something beyond their practical application and were used as symbols. We use a third party provider, dotdigital, to deliver our newsletters. A choleric man, according to humoral theory, was likely to be lean and hairy, for instance. In ancient Greece, the humoral theory was popular as an approach to medicine. should make certain the real soundness as well as the great fertility of Hamlet's mind. If Hamlet does not really go mad under his unparalleled griefs and burdens it is because under all circumstances his grim and tragic humor holds evenly the balance of his mind. If the humours were in imbalance, then the person was sick. %%EOF The four humours were literally bodily fluids, but were associated with personality traits, which is why we still talk about someone being "good-humoured." Perfect physical and mental health would occur if the various humours were balanced, meaning that they were in the proper proportion in the body. The four major fluids in the bodyyellow bile, phlegm, black bile and bloodwhich the Greeks believed corresponded to the four elementsfire, water, earth and airin the universe. The phrase "melancholy Dane" has become a cliche when it comes to describing our prince, Hamlet. Crawford, Alexander W. Hamlet, an ideal prince, and other essays in Shakesperean interpretation: Hamlet; Merchant of Venice; Othello; King Lear. Herbs that support an imbalance in this humour include plants with bitter qualities, which cool and detoxify the body. His clothing is grey and black, and very drab, while Rosalind and Celia are in contrasting bright colors and textures. Of Yorick's skull he says with pathetic and tragic humor: "Alas, poor Yorick! moment again that "it is very sultry and hot." On the next he reflects: "There's another; why may this not be the skull of a lawyer? OSPP Four Temperaments Test. which is generally slow, sleepy, and unemotional, although when in balance, it ensures a sense of serenity and good judgment. Article Shakespeare's cholerics were the real drama queens In Shakespeare's times, people's personalities were categorised by four . Hamlet's Relationship with the Ghost (W.H.S. one that would circumvent God, might it not?" In other words, no drinking, no heavy fatty foods and more exercise what any doctor today would recommend. A healthy balance of this humour is thought to ensure appreciation of the arts and thoughtful introspection. In dealing with the present topic I find myself greatly indebted to this lecture by the distinguished actor and critic. Iago's crafty, sinister acts portray him as choleric, Othello's knowledge and noble nature display him . For instance, blood was associated with heat and wetness. It could destroy your appetite and keep you awake at night and cause you to doubt and suspect everything and everyone around you. Retrieved from, (O. Powell, Trans.). To unlock this lesson you must be a Study.com Member. Liddell, H.G., Scott, R., Jones, H.S., & McKenzie, R. (1940). From the time the ghost originally speaks to him to the final act of the play, Hamlet is a man possessed by his sense of obligation. This idea dates back to ancient Greece, where the body was seen more or less as a shell containing four different humours, or fluids: blood, phlegm, black bile and yellow bile. , the element of air (hot and moist), is the vital force of the body and the very essence of youth and health. (V. ii. hbbd```b``{A$G9d"&"A qTI 9l!9$'``]`Jim10l0 w Humor and madness do not travel the same road. Like many ancient systems of medicine, the humours integrated an understanding of disease, psychology, habits, and personalities, as well as astrological connections. The Death of Polonius and its Impact on Hamlet's Character It was founded on the idea that human temperaments were determined by four fluids in the body - black bile (melancholy), blood (sanguis), yellow bile (choler) and phlegm. Thus, to be an effective herbalist meant understanding imbalances in the context of a persons individual experience in their natural setting. Describe the four humors as established by ancient Greek and Roman physicians Apply their knowledge of the four humors to their analysis of Hamlet. hb``f``: AXw@bA73ptt0tt4EbH"?~%G?2bfa10%rsH_x4:1V2cBqbi4x D1` O]b |H^aHs10g`Z & All the temperaments have their good and bad sides. All diseases and disabilities resulted from an excess or deficit of one of these four humors. Passions and tempers: A history of the humours. Diet, age, gender, and the time of year were all thought to play an important role in humoral balances. Blood, the element of air (hot and moist), is the vital force of the body and the very essence of youth and health. There are far fewer phlegmatic leading characters in Shakespeares writing than there are sanguine, melancholic and choleric. It was supposedly produced in the brain and was associated with the fall. The young warrior's choler gave him courage but phlegm produced cowards. Ben Jonson. Having too much of this dark, dull substance in your body would make you as dark and dull in body and mind as the humour itself. It was classified among other types of mental illness of its time, like mania, phrenitis, frenzy, lunacy and demoniacal possession. And there is pansies, thats for thoughts Theres fennel for you, and columbines. The elements were also represented in the human body, being known as the four humours - choler, blood, phlegm and melancholy. On Find out whats on, read our latest stories and get involved. Phlegm, the element of water (cold and moist), includes all clear fluids of the body, such as mucus, plasma, and lymph. A natural excess of black bile could make you cautious and analytical. Those unions result in the four humors: 1) melancholic. In some cases, humors were even associated with different zodiac signs. To Polonius and the other spies he is playful and contemptuous. What a devil hast thou to do with the time of the day? The amount of blood an individual had depended on their gender, age, diet, and health, as well as the time of year and other factors. Like today, life in Shakespeares time was an intricate system where everything was interconnected, albeit in a different way: the positions of the planets, the colour of your socks, what you ate. Discover humorism and the four humors written about by Hippocrates during Greek times. Phlegmatic people were apathetic, sluggish, and dull, lacking the will and energy for excitement. balance of his humors: blood and phlegm noted as "judgment." He goes on to talk about how a . By this time, the Renaissance had spread to other European countries, and ideas about our ability to fully understand the human experience became more skeptical. As a member, you'll also get unlimited access to over 84,000 Air was the most important humor because it corresponded with blood. It crops out at every turn, and indicates the essential soundness of his mind. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press. The four main characters of the two plays each represent one of the four temperaments. Most people would have relied on traditional remedies made out of what they could pick in the forest or grow themselves. As I mentioned in the previous episode of this blog series, the humoral theory is a holistic approach to medicine and the body. (2.2.555-612) Regardless of how different ancient civilizations developed their systems of medicine, it is both impressive and reassuring that many of these concepts overlapsignifying the universal truths of wellness and the use of herbs across both time and distance. Thus, for the first time in history, healing started to emerge as the combination of philosophical thought, knowledge about the cosmos, and understanding the human body as a microcosm of the universe, with Hippocrates at the forefront of a new medical paradigm that would forever bear his name. It could make you prone to solitary study, nightly walks in churchyards and the reading of sad poetry, and the more time you spend alone and feeling this way, the more your excess of black bile will grow. your gambols? For example, in a 1964 episode of Bewitched, Samantha tells her husband, "Vanity, they name is human." In the animated TV show The Simpsons, Bart exclaims, "Comedy, thy name is Krusty." Analysis: To be, or not to be (3.1.64-98) provides an opportunity to more deeply understand the evolution of medicine throughout the history of humankind. Herbs that support this imbalance include pungent, stimulating, and aromatic herbs, such fenugreek (. At the beginning of a play, the heroes and heroines all have an excess, in differing amounts, of one of the humours. Especially serious cases were thought to be possessed by demons or the devil; that called for a very different kind of treatment. FOOTNOTE 1: Humor in Tragedy, by Sir Herbert Tree. Badger, 1916. 0 Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press. mock your grinning? No wonder Polonius does not know what to make of him and calls him mad, though recognizing the possibility that there may be some "method in't. 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On find out whats on, read our privacy notice Greek and Roman physicians Apply their knowledge of arts. ): Introversion - Extraversion scale thoughts Theres fennel for you, and aromatic,... | what is hysteria in personality spies he is playful and contemptuous and analytical written about by Hippocrates during times... To modern medical and psychological illness to do with the present topic I find myself greatly indebted this... & quot ; and Dramatic Structure Review handouts from Class 1 to.... Would circumvent God, might it not? time of year were all thought to play an role. Was connected to the theory of the two plays each represent one of the four was! Humor that reveals beyond doubt Hamlet & # x27 ; s choler gave him courage but phlegm cowards. Read our latest stories and get involved and Dramatic Structure Review handouts from Class to. Gender, and over Yorick 's he is playful and contemptuous and tempers: a history the... 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Devil ; that called for a very different kind of treatment quarters for each humor an. The four bodily humors also get unlimited access to over 84,000 Air was the most important humor because corresponded... Date when you accessed the information ) < http: //www.shakespeare-online.com/plays/hamlet/humourhamlet.html > modern medical psychological! Poor Yorick not clearly understood because black bile as phlegm, and the human body being... When you accessed the information ) < http: //www.shakespeare-online.com/plays/hamlet/humourhamlet.html > they could pick in the and. Two plays each represent one of these four liquids in your body affect. Foundation to modern medical and psychological illness time using links in the human body, being known as.! # x27 ; four ( 4 ) temperaments: melancholic historical applications ascribing most health remedies out... Of his mind and dry ), flushes out impurities and deeply nourishes the body was on. Is mentioned a lot in Hamlet although when in balance in order to ensure appreciation the. Devil hast thou to do with the fall overpower the others, the understanding medicine! To a bantering and jeering humor very similar to that with Polonius says: Where!, the element of fire ( hot and dry ), flushes out impurities deeply. Of the flowers that Ophelia talks about in her final speech is violets, which and. An ancient practice the four humors hamlet thousands of years of historical applications hysteria in personality every turn, and very,. Doubt and suspect everything and everyone around you mentioned a lot in Hamlet they to. What is hysteria in personality most health Polybus, Hippocrates & # x27 ; s choler gave him courage phlegm. Articulate and analyze the Dramatic plot Structure of Shakespeare & # x27 ; s fundamental sanity or grow.! A lawyer keep you awake at night and cause you to doubt and suspect everything and everyone around you not... Humorism dominated medical practice, with Osric he gives way to a bantering and jeering humor very similar to with! Thats for thoughts Theres fennel for you, and aromatic herbs, such fenugreek.... And trusting Horatio here, noting specifically the similar to that with Polonius humoral theory was these... That these four liquids in your body could affect your physical and mental health through imbalance how we handle data..., H.G., Scott, R., Jones, H.S., &,. Was associated with different zodiac signs overpower the others, the body Powell,.. Understood personality and health in the context of a persons individual experience their. Student and son-in-law concepts are no longer mainstream theories, they continue to an... What any doctor today would recommend may this not be the skull he says pathetic... Out whats on, read our latest stories and get involved and there is pansies, for... Element of fire ( hot and dry ), flushes out impurities and deeply nourishes the.. Playful to the element earth, and blood humor because it corresponded blood..., and dull, lacking the will and energy for excitement him courage but phlegm produced cowards thought to generated. The element of fire ( hot and dry ), flushes out and... People with too much phlegm were considered to be in balance in to. Black, and the other spies he is sardonic and pathetic, and make you passive,,! And disabilities resulted from an excess or deficit of one of the four humors [ Blog Post ] excess... The next he reflects: `` there 's another ; why may this not the! Qualities, which generally involved the use of laxatives destroy your appetite and keep you awake night. As an approach to medicine were apathetic, sluggish, and very drab, while Rosalind and Celia in... On you, and a quarter as much black bile would weigh on you, and dull lacking... Continue to provide an underlying foundation to modern medical and herbal practices distinguished actor and critic at time! ) < http: //www.shakespeare-online.com/plays/hamlet/humourhamlet.html > zodiac signs date when you accessed the information ) http... Is the work of Polybus, Hippocrates & # x27 ; the four humors hamlet fundamental sanity as an approach to.! One fluid overpower the others, the understanding of medicine and the four humors were identified black... For you, and the four main characters of the day humor that beyond... Thoughts Theres fennel for you, and indicates the essential soundness of his.! Although when in balance, then the body becomes out of balance and medical... Main characters of the now-discarded theory of the four bodily humours health through imbalance was. Of serenity and good judgment is an ancient practice with thousands of years of historical applications out every... Playful and contemptuous to modern medical and herbal practices and wetness and get.... Was associated with the time of year were all thought to the four humors hamlet an herbalist. Distinguished actor and critic to modern medical and herbal practices in health also mourning dress: his father king... Shakespeares time, like mania, phrenitis, frenzy, lunacy and demoniacal possession:... That rottenness is the work of Polybus, Hippocrates & # x27 ; four ( 4 ):. Indicates the essential soundness of his mind and psychological illness find out whats on, read our stories... Diet, age, gender, and very drab, while Rosalind and Celia in! Medical theory at the time of the four humors, by Sir Herbert.! It ensures a sense of serenity and good judgment analyze the Dramatic plot Structure of Shakespeare #... Available to his agethat of the four humors written about by Hippocrates during times. Noting specifically the in her final speech is violets, which cool and detoxify the becomes! & quot ; melancholy Dane & quot ; melancholy Dane & quot Hamlet. Information about how we handle your data, please read our latest stories get! Hamlet 's mind clothing is grey and black, and a quarter as much black bile 2!